Microtensile bond strength to Er: YAG laser pretreated dentin / Avaliação da adesão em dentina irradiada pelo laser de Er: YAG

Objective: Although the effects of Er:YAG (erbium:yttrium aluminium garnet) laser on cavity preparation as well as on dentin bonding to composite have been described in the literature, the longevity of this bond is still unknown. So, this study evaluated the short-term microtensile bond strength to dentin samples after different protocols of surface treatment. Materials and Methods: 60 bovine incisors were cleaned, worn to expose a dentin area and subdivided into groups according to treatment conditions: surface treatment (no irradiation – control group; dentin irradiation with Er:YAG laser 250 mJ/4 Hz; 160 mJ/10 Hz), adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond - Kuraray; Adper Single Bond 2 - 3M/ESPE), and storage time (24 h; 90 days). After adhesive procedures, a block of Z250 composite resin (3M/ESPE) was built-up on each tooth. The teeth were sectioned to obtain samples for the microtensile bond strength test. Half of the samples were tested 24 h after cutting, and the other half were stored in distilled water for 90 days before testing. Intergroup analysis was also performed considering the same variables using ANOVA for multiple comparisons with Tukey test with a significance level of 5%. Data showed weaker bond strength for groups previously treated with laser (p < 0.05) compared with control groups, and these were not influenced by adhesive system used, nor by storage period. Stereoscopic microscope observations showed that fractures occurred predominantly at the adhesive interface in the groups irradiated with the Er:YAG laser. Conclusion: Within the parameters and variables used in this study, the Er:YAG laser could not provide an additional improvement in dentin-resin bond strength, irrespective of the type of adhesive system used or the storage period evaluated.

Objetivo: Ainda que a ação do laser de Er:YAG no condicionamento e preparo do substrato dentinário, bem como na resistência de união à resina composta já tenha sido descrita na literatura, a longevidade da adesão decorrente deste processo ainda não está bem estabelecida. Material e Métodos: Neste estudo, ensaios de microtração foram realizados em palitos obtidos de 60 incisivos bovinos, subdivididos em 12 grupos constituídos pela combinação das variáveis: tratamento dentinário prévio com o laser de Er:YAG (250 mJ/ 4 Hz; 160 mJ / 10 Hz) e sem irradiação (grupo controle), sistema adesivo (Clearfil SE Bond /Kuraray; Adper Single Bond / 3M ESPE) e período de armazenagem (24 h; 90 dias). Os resultados mostraram menor resistência à microtração (com diferença estatisticamente significante p = 0,05) em relação aos grupos não tratados com o laser, não importando o sistema adesivo empregado, nem o período de armazenagem. A observação ao microscópio estereoscópico mostrou que as fraturas ocorreram predominantemente na interface adesiva para os grupos submetidos ao laser de Er:YAG. Conclusão: Portanto, a irradiação com o laser, nos parâmetros e variáveis utilizados e em comparação com os grupos controle, afetou negativamente a adesão à dentina, não havendo alteração relevante na longevidade da adesão para os períodos de armazenagem avaliados.

Long-term stability of dentin matrix following treatment with various natural collagen cross-linkers.

OBJECTIVES: Collagen disorganization is one of the main degradation patterns found in unsuccessful adhesive restorations. The hypothesis of this study was that pretreatment using natural collagen cross-linking agents rich in proanthocyanidin (PA) would improve mechanical properties and stability over time of the dentin collagen and, thus, confer a more resistant and lasting substrate for adhesive restorations. METHODS: PA-based extracts, from grape seed (GSE), cocoa seed (CSE), cranberry (CRE), cinnamon (CNE) and açaí berry (ACE) were applied over the demineralized dentin. The apparent elastic modulus (E) of the treated dentin collagen was analyzed over a 12 month period. Specimens were immersed in the respective solution and E values were obtained by a micro-flexural test at baseline, 10, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min. Samples were stored in artificial saliva and re-tested after 3, 6 and 12 months. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test. RESULTS: GSE and CSE extracts showed a time-dependent effect and were able to improve [240 min (MPa): GSE = 108.96 ± 56.08;CSE = 59.21 ± 24.87] and stabilize the E of the organic matrix [12 months (MPa): GSE = 40.91 ± 19.69;CSE = 42.11 ± 13.46]. CRE and CNE extracts were able to maintain the E of collagen matrices constant over 12 months [CRE = 11.17 ± 7.22;CNE = 9,96 ± 6.11;MPa]. ACE (2.64 ± 1.22 MPa) and control groups immersed in neat distilled water (1.37 ± 0.69 MPa) and ethanol-water (0.95 ± 0.33 MPa) showed no effect over dentin organic matrix and enable their degradation and reduction of mechanical properties. SIGNIFICANCE: Some PA-based extracts were capable of improving and stabilizing collagen matrices through exogenous cross-links induction.

Mechanical characterization of proanthocyanidin-dentin matrix interaction.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the properties of dentin matrix treated with two proanthocyanidin rich cross-linking agents and their effect on dentin bonded interfaces. METHODS: Sound human molars were cut into 0.5 mm thick dentin slabs, demineralized and either treated with one of two cross-linking agents (grape seed-GSE and cocoa seed-COE extracts) or left untreated. The modulus of elasticity of demineralized dentin was assessed after 10 or 60 min and the swelling ratio after 60 min treatment. Bacterial collagenase was also used to assess resistance to enzymatic degradation of samples subjected to ultimate tensile strength. The effect of GSE or COE on the resin-dentin bond strength was evaluated after 10 or 60 min of exposure time. Data were statistically analyzed at a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Both cross-linkers increased the elastic modulus of demineralized dentin as exposure time increased. Swelling ratio was lower for treated samples when compared to control groups. No statistically significant changes to the UTS indicate that collagenase had no effect on dentin matrix treated with either GSE or COE. Resin-dentin bonds significantly increased following treatment with GSE regardless of the application time or adhesive system used. SIGNIFICANCE: Increased mechanical properties and stability of dentin matrix can be achieved by the use of PA-rich collagen cross-linkers most likely due to the formation of a PA-collagen complex. The short term resin-dentin bonds can be improved after 10 min dentin treatment.

Measuring bond strength between fiber post and root dentin: a comparison of different tests.

PURPOSE: the aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of bond strength tests to accurately measure the bond strength of fiber posts luted into root canals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the test methods studied were hourglass microtensile (HM), push-out (PS), modified pushout (MP), and pull-out (PL). The evaluated parameters were: bond strength values, reliability (using Weibull analysis), failure mode (using confocal microscopy), and stress distribution (using finite element analysis). Forty human intact single-rooted and endodontically treated teeth were divided into four groups. Each group was assigned one of the test methods. The samples in the HM and PS groups were 1.0 ± 0.1 mm thick; the HM samples were hourglass shaped and the PS samples were disk shaped. For the PL and MP groups, each 1-mm dentin slice was luted with a fiber post piece. Three-dimensional models of each group were made and stress was analyzed based on Von Mises criteria. RESULTS: PL provided the highest values of bond strength, followed by MP, both of which also had greater amounts of adhesive failures. PS showed the highest frequency of cohesive failures. MP showed a more homogeneous stress distribution and a higher Weibull modulus. CONCLUSION: the specimen design directly influences the biomechanical behavior of bond strength tests.

Solubility study of phytochemical cross-linking agents on dentin stiffness.

OBJECTIVES: The effects of interactions between cross-linking proanthocyanidins (PA) in polar solvents and type-I collagen of demineralized dentin were investigated. METHODS: Three PA-rich extracts, two from grape seed (GSEP and GSES) and one from cocoa (COE), were dissolved (water, ethanol:water and acetone:water) and analyzed for their ability to increase the modulus of elasticity of demineralized dentin. Sound dentin beams (0.5mmx1.7mmx7mm) were fully demineralized and divided into 12 groups according to the type of cross-linking agent and solvents used. Specimens were immersed in the respective solutions and tested at baseline, 10, 30, 60, 120 and 240min. RESULTS: The elastic modulus (EM) of dentin was significantly increased by the PA treatment regardless of time (p<0.05 for all times). The extracts showed different solubility in different solvents. GSEP showed the highest increase in EM when diluted in distilled water and acetone at all exposure times. Both GSEs showed superior results when diluted in distilled water and after 4h of treatment, while COE produced strongest enhancement when dissolved in ethanol:water. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicates that herbal extraction process and other pharmacognostic parameters have an important influence on extract solubility as well as constitution and, consequently, on the PA-dentin matrix interaction.

Estudo da matriz orgânica dentinária modificada por agentes naturais ricos em proantocianidina e seu uso para aumentar a efetividade de restaurações adesivas / Study of the dentin organic matrix modified by proanthocyanidin rich agents and their use to increase short and long-term bond strength

O objetivo deste trabalho foi elucidar a interação entre a proantocianidina (PA), um agente natural e não tóxico de ligação cruzada, e o colágeno dentinário tipo I. A hipótese proposta é que o modelamento de uma dentina desmineralizada mais resistente e com melhores propriedades propiciará um substrato mais estável e íntegro para restaurações adesivas. Para isto, o estudo foi dividido em 4 fases: 1) Validação da PA como agente exógeno de ligação cruzada, testando matrizes de dentina desmineralizadas tratadas com extratos a base de PA em teste microflexural para análise do módulo de elasticidade (ME), variando o tempo de exposição (10, 30, 60, 120, 240 min), o tipo de extrato usado (semente de uva-GSE, semente de cacau-CSE, oxicoco-CRE, canela-CNE e açaí-ACE) e a longevidade (imediato, 3, 6 e 12 meses); 2) Estudar parâmetros relacionados às soluções de PA, como solubilidade (água, etanol e acetona), fonte (GSE e CSE) e concentração (0,65%, 3,25%, 6,5%, 15% e 30%), através da mensuração do ME pelo teste micro-flexural de matrizes de dentina desmineralizada; 3) Caracterização da dentina tratada com PA (GSE e CSE), sorção de água, calorimetria e degradação enzimática; 4) Analisar a resistência de união entre a dentina tratada com PA (GSE/CSE) e sistemas de adesivos comerciais (Adapter Single Bond Plus e One Step Plus), variando a concentração (6,5% e 30%), tempo de exposição (1, 10 e 60 min) e longevidade (imediato, 3, 6 e 12 meses). Foram realizadas análises de variâncias e teste de contraste de médias, quando necessário, para todos os ensaios. Os resultados de ME foram influenciados pelo tratamento com PA, dependendo do tipo de extrato usado, exibindo os melhores resultados para o maior tempo de exposição (240 min) para os extratos GSE e CSE. Embora os resultados imediatos com os extratos CRE e CNE não tenham aumentado, estes se mantiveram constantes apos 1 ano de armazenamento, o que não aconteceu para o ACE e os grupos controles...

The aim of this study was to elucidate the interaction between proanthocyanidin based extracts (PA), a natural and non-toxic cross-linker, and type I dentin collagen. The hypothesis is that if a stronger and more stable collagen layer is chemically engineered, the resultant hybrid layer will be stronger and less prone to degradation. So, this research was divided into four phases: 1) PA validation as an exogenous cross-linking agent, testing the elastic modulus (E) of demineralized dentin treated with various PA based extracts (grape seed-GSE, cocoa seed-CSE, cranberry-CRE, cinnamon-CNE, and açai berry-ACE), exposure times (10, 30, 60, 120, 240 min), and long term effectiveness (immediate, 3, 6 and 12 months); 2) Evaluation of different parameters related to PA solutions, like solubility (water, ethanol and acetone), manufacturer (GSE and CSE) and concentration (0.65%, 3.25% 6.5%, 15% and 30%), E was also obtained by micro-flexural strength measurements of demineralized dentin matrix, 3) Characterization of PA treated dentin (GSE and CSE): water sorption, calorimetry and enzymatic degradation and 4) Analyze the bond strength ( BS) of PA treated dentin (GSE / CSE) with commercial adhesives systems (Adapter Single Bond Plus-SB and One Step Plus-OS), varying concentration (6.5% and 30%), exposure time (1, 10 and 60 min) and long-term effectiveness (immediate, 3, 6 and 12 months). Data were statistically analyzed at a 95% confidence interval. GSE and CSE extracts showed a time-dependant effect and were able to improve and stabilize the E of the organic matrix. CRE and CNE extracts were able to maintain the E of collagen matrices constant after 12 months artifical saliva storage...